Bankruptcy
Top 5 bankruptcy questions
Top questions clients ask about consumer bankruptcy.
Which type of bankruptcy to choose?
Attorney Michael Goldstein discusses the differences that consumers need to be aware of when determining if it is a better idea to filea Chapter 7 bankruptcy or a Chapter 13 reorganization.
Top Consumer Debt Radio Podcasts
Below are some of our favorite podcasts we have recorded over the past year.
Saturday July 17, 2010 – Alternatives to loan modifications
Saturday July 3, 2010 – Liability from 4th of July Parites
Saturday June 12, 2010 – Identify Theft
Saturday May 29, 2010 – Why Loan Modifications are failing
Saturday May 22, 2010 – How to handle Medical Bills
Saturday May 1, 2010 – Truth about the Obama Refi Program
Saturday April 24, 2010 – Fraudulent and deceptive lending practices
Saturday March 27, 2010 – How to fix your credit report
Saturday March 20, 2010 – Non discharable debts
Saturday March 13, 2010 – Income tax issues
Saturday Janaury 2, 2010 – Bankruptcy Myths and facts
Saturday January 16, 2010 – Social Security Protection
Saturday January 23, 2010 – issues small business owners face
Saturday February 6, 2010 – Issues facing the unemployed
Saturday February 13, 2010 – Protecting your job and employment status
Saturday February 20, 2010 – The History of Fico Score
Saturday February 27, 2010 – Debt settlement vs. Bankrutpcy
How to protect your tax refund from the Trustee
When someone who is facing financial difficulty decides to file for bankruptcy there are many secondary choices they must make. They may be able to decide which chapter of bankruptcy they should file, Chapter 7 liquidation or Chapter 13 reorganization. Once that decision has been made the Debtor then needs to decide, should they keep their home; should they keep their boat? Depending on their income and assets though the biggest choices typically revolves around their more liquid assets though. Which assets should they protect from the Trustee in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case, and which ones should they expose.
In many situations there is no choice, due to the fact that a cap has been hit on an asset, such as a bank account, lost wages in a law suit or equity in a car. However, one such asset that is typically very difficult to exempt, unless a Debtor uses the Federal exemptions and has a wild card available is an anticipated or even realized tax refund. Under 11 U.S.C. § 542(a), any property that the Debtor held prior to filing his or her bankruptcy becomes property of the estate and is subject to turnover to the Trustee upon request.
In the past, if a Debtor has money owed to him from the Internal Revenue Service, such an asset must be listed on Schedule B of the bankruptcy petition and generally, the Trustee will look to take those funds as part of the liquidated bankruptcy estate, or demand that the unsecured Creditors be paid at least that amount in a Chapter 13 plan based upon the B22 analysis. This was true until very recently when an ingenious Debtor, James Winslow Graves and his bankruptcy attorney beat the system. You see, a Trustee is only entitled to demand an asset which the Debtor has a right to. This is no different then the legal theory “you can only give title to what you own”.
What this Debtor did was simply allow the IRS to take his tax refund and hold it in their possession until such time as he may need to pay taxes in the future. Now this may sound almost like a fraudulent transfer, but the IRS code is very clear on the matter. Under the tax code, once a tax payer elects to leave those funds on deposit with the United States and apply the overpayment to his or her future tax liability, that decision is irrevocable, or as my six year old child would say, “no take backs”! More specifically, the tax code states, “no claim for credit or refund of such overpayment shall be allowed for the taxable year in which the overpayment arises.” 26 U.S.C. § 6513(d).
The Trustee in this case argued the position that the refund amount was property of the estate under 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1), and that, since Debtors were receiving the benefit of the application of the refund, the funds should be treated as an account receivable of the Debtors, and Debtors should therefore be required to turn over an equivalent amount to the estate. However, both the Bankruptcy Court and the 10th Circuit Federal Court held that the tax code is clear and specific in its language and intent. The courts held the Debtor once he filed his taxes, had no rights to the tax refund and as a result could not “take it back”. If you find yourself in a similar position, The Florida case of In Re Graves, Docket Number. 08-1462 and In re Graves, 396 B.R. at 73 is the case to cite. The Creditors and the Trustee may think it unfair and even borderline deceptive, but the courts have spoken with its full opinon..
Debt settlement companies may mislead you
Recently, I have heard many Creditor rights and debt settlement companies making statements about bankruptcy that are at best inaccurate, and at worst an attempt to dissuade Debtors from filing bankruptcy in lieu of loosing their home and entering into long-term pay back plans with Creditors that are not in a Debtor’s best interest. For example, I read one blog article, What No One Tells You About Bankruptcy, Foreclosure and Your Credit, that suggests filing bankruptcy will not always stop a foreclosure, or that your credit score will be harmed beyond repair for a decade by filing a Chapter 13 case.With all due respect to these positions on bankruptcy and its effect on credit, I would suggest that most homeowners facing foreclosure are already at the bottom of the credit score spectrum. Additionally, the only way to guarantee that a foreclosure is stopped is by filing a bankruptcy. Pursuant to section 362(a) of Title 11, once a bankruptcy case is filed, the foreclosure MUST be stopped, and the only way a creditor can continue is by filing a motion for relief from the automatic stay. In order for a creditor to do this, the homeowner must fail to make there subsequent payments.
I will grant you that many Chapter 13 cases do fail, but the reason for that are unrealistic plans, and underestimating a Debtor’s expenses on schedule J, or an artificially inflated income on schedule I based upon untrue revenues from self employment.
What I have found in my practice is that a Debtor needs to take a hard look at there situation and determine if their house is (1) worth saving, and (2) if the homeowner has enough income to stay current and pay back their missed armaments over a 5 year period.
With respect to the contention that one’s credit score will decrease with the filing of a bankruptcy and be harmed for up to 10 years, that is a very dangerous statement to make. In fact, it is actually possible for your FICO score to increase after your bankruptcy discharge. The reason for this is very simple, approximately 35% of your credit score is based upon the amount of debt. If you discharge thousands of dollars in debt, then that part of the calculation can only increase. Another approximately 35% of the FICO score is based upon your payment history. If by filing a bankruptcy, you no longer have debts to be in arrears on, then again you can only go up, over time as you make your chapter 13 plan payments. This is not to say that filing of a bankruptcy does not take a negative toll on your credit score, but it is balanced by the positives. In many situations, Debtors, especially those with a mortgage can rebuild their credit with in 24 – 30 months to the point of obtaining new secured debt loans. I do however, caution my clients to be careful not to fall into their old bad habits which created the need for the bankruptcy filing.
The bottom lines is that if you are facing a foreclosure or have a significant amount of unsecured debt, it is always a good idea to talk to a bankruptcy attorney or consumer debt advocate in your area before making any decision. Most of these attorneys such as me do not charge a consultation fee for the initial meeting and can provide you with a great deal of insight.
This post was originally published on the blog of Goldstein and Clegg, LLC
Loan mods are not the only option
The term loan modification is not a new one, but it has picked up a lot of speed over the past year. In the past, homeowners and lenders have been able to workout deals to change the essential terms of a mortgage through private negations. However, in March of 2009, the United States government released their Home Affordable Modification Program (“HAMP”) and all of a sudden it was the new craze. The problem is now that the Government is involved at least to some extent, consumers seem to believe that banks have an obligation to “modify” or change a loan. When in reality, the government has no teeth to force the banks to do anything. A loan modification or credit workout is purely an optional program.
With that said, many consumers and frankly even Consumer Debt Advocates have been taken advantage of by the banks who have at the very least given the appearance of acting in a deceptive manor with respect to these loan modifications. Many homeowners were accepted into a loan modification trial program, in order to prove that they could make modified payments. The homeowners has made these payments for several months and after they have been faithfully making good on that agreement are kicked out for no reason, or even fraudulent or deceptive reasons and are facing foreclosure.
Many of use know the deal; the bank requests a bunch of documentation to review. They claim that they have not had a chance to review it and so ask for updated information. They do this while arrears are building up, and then finally offer a trial plan. Once the homeowner is in the trial plan for what is represented to them as 3 months, they soon learn that it can become two to three times as long, all the while the homeowner faithfully performs their obligations under a new agreement and pays sometimes tens of thousands of dollars to the bank, instead of investing that money in other avenues that my be more effective, such as filing for a chapter 13 bankruptcy, or challenging the standing of the banks.
It has been suggested by many on the interest though various blogs and chat rooms that this loan modification is nothing more then the banking industry’s “well-thought-out scam where the lender, knowing full well they ultimately intend to foreclose string the homeowner along to collect a few additional payments.
What many people do not seem to realize, is that there are other opportunities to save your home, or in the alternative, cut your losses before they arrears get too great to manage. The key to remember is that should you want to walk away from your home, if the home is sold for less then you owe, you may be liable for the debt. In order to avoid this, a simple Chapter 7 bankruptcy can eliminate that risk. Additionally, you can file a Chapter 13 case and pay back the missed payments over 5 years interest free. Perhaps more importantly, when you file a bankruptcy, the bank must stop any foreclosure or collection attempts for past due amounts. It may provide you with the time you need to go into court whether it be through the bankruptcy court, the land court or even superior court to challenge the standing of the bank.
The lender must prove that they even have a right to foreclose and in order to do this, they must have a copy of your original mortgage and note. If they can not produce that note, then a judge may indefinitely stay their foreclosure. If they file a claim for past due amounts, the bankruptcy court may hear this as evidence of a challenge to the proof of claim. You also may request a copy of your loan application and find out that there are many untrue statements that bank used to issue the loan. If this is the case, you may even be able to strengthen your position and negotiate a “real modification” where you have now come full circle.
Additionally, should you have a second mortgage that is not supported by any equity, you may be able to strip the lien entirely though a Chapter 13. In the event that the home is not your primary home, but rather an investment, you may even be able to cram down the principal to its current fair market value and a reasonable interest rate through a court order.
The bottom line is this, do not trust that you will obtain a loan modification even if you have been put into a trial period. You have several options, and should contact a qualified consumer debt attorney to learn what options are at your disposal.
Top 5 Reasons Why People Go Bankrupt
by Mark P. Cussen, Source: Yahoo Finance, March 23, 2010
1. Medical Expenses
A study done at Harvard University indicates that this is the biggest cause of bankruptcy, representing 62% of all personal bankruptcies. One of the interesting caveats of this study shows that 78% of filers had some form of health insurance, thus bucking the myth that medical bills affect only the uninsured.
Rare or serious diseases or injuries can easily result in hundreds of thousands of dollars in medical bills – bills that can quickly wipe out savings and retirement accounts, college education funds and home equity. Once these have been exhausted, bankruptcy may be the only shelter left, regardless of whether the patient or his or her family was able to apply health coverage to a portion of the bill or not.
Whether due to layoff, termination or resignation, the loss of income from a job can be equally devastating. Some are lucky enough to receive severance packages, but many find pink slips on their desks or lockers with little or no prior notice. Not having an emergency fund to draw from only worsens this situation, and using credit cards to pay bills can be disastrous.
2. Job Loss
The loss of insurance coverage and the cost of COBRA insurance also drain the job seeker’s already limited resources. Those who are unable to find similar gainful employment for an extended period of time may not be able to recover from the lack of income in time to keep the creditors at bay.
3. Poor/Excess Use of Credit
Some people simply can’t control their spending. Credit card bills, installment debt, car and other loan payments can eventually spiral out of control, until finally the borrower is unable to make even the minimum payment on each type of debt. If the borrower cannot access funds from friends or family or otherwise obtain a debt-consolidation loan, then bankruptcy is usually the inevitable alternative.
Statistics indicate that most debt-consolidation plans fail for various reasons, and usually only delay filing for most participants. Although home-equity loans can be a good remedy for unsecured debt in some cases, once it is exhausted, irresponsible borrowers can face foreclosure on their homes if they are unable to make this payment as well.
4. Divorce/Separation
Marital dissolutions create tremendous financial strain on both partners in several ways. First come the legal fees, which can be astronomical in some cases, followed by a division of marital assets, decree of child support and/or alimony, and finally the ongoing cost of keeping up two separate households after the split. The legal costs alone are enough to force some to file, while wage garnishments to cover back child support or alimony can strip others of the ability to pay the rest of their bills. Spouses who fail to pay the support dictated in the agreement often leave the other completely destitute.
5. Unexpected Expenses
Loss of property due to theft or casualty, such as earthquakes, floods or tornadoes for which the owner is not insured can force some into bankruptcy. Many homeowners are likely unaware that they must take out separate coverage for certain events such as earthquakes. Those who do not have coverage for this type of peril can face the loss of not only their homes but most or all of their possessions as well. Not only must they then pay to replace these items, but they must also find immediate food and shelter in the meantime. Furthermore, those who lose their wardrobes in such a catastrophe may not be able to dress appropriately for their work, which could cost them their jobs.
To read the full article, click here
How bankruptcy can affect children
The affects of bankruptcy can have a lasting impact on a person. Once a child is involved the affects can last for a long time. The topic of dealing with the affects of bankruptcy on children is not a topic that has received much attention over the years, but this topic is one that should be addressed.In many cases, parents try to minimize the affect of a bankruptcy on the family. Children in most situations may not even know anything has transpired. Moreover, it may be far less traumatic even if the children know their parents are facing financial distress, then to know your home has been taken away by the bank.
Once a bankruptcy claim is filed the courts will decide which debts require payment. As such, the court can determine that certain expenses are allowed while others are not. Once such expenses is 529 plans or other savings accounts for college. During times like this consulting with an attorney can be beneficial in order to get a good understanding of how your child may be affected once you file for bankruptcy. In addition, there are many other situations that can comingle a parents debt with the financial interest of their kids. To read more about these situations, check out Jonathan Ginsberg an Atlanta bankrutpcy attorney’s blog.
There is no doubt that the stress of bankruptcy can take a toll on a child. A study conducted by the Iowa State University Institute for Social and Behavioral Research states that children who experience socioeconomic adversity at an early age are at an increased risk of experiencing mental health challenges during their teen years. A child may begin to wonder whether or not their family will have a place to live or what will happen to them in the future. A family’s financial status can affect a child because of society’s emphasis on being financial stable and achieving a certain level of success. Once a child realizes the lack of financial resources available for their family that child may be embarrassed and could be subjected to negative treatment amongst his or her peers.
Despite all the negative emotions associated with bankruptcy it is important to keep your children involved in the financial matters of your family. If a parent is laid off from their job of made the decision to file for bankruptcy the financial make up of that family changes. The next step is to explain the financial situation of your family with your children so they are aware of the situation. Parents must remember that children are learning from how their parents are dealing with bankruptcy and other financial matters.
The issue of bankruptcy is not an issue topic to discuss. For parents the issue of bankruptcy can become even harder to explain because their financial outlook can be affected as well. Despite this obstacle, it is important to minimize as much stress as possible and make the right decisions that will benefit your children in the future.
Why Your Tax Forms Are So Important to Your Attorney
When you work with an attorney on a bankruptcy filing, there’s a long list of documents you’ll be asked to gather and give to your attorney. Some of the most critical documents you’ll gather are your last three years’ worth of tax filings, both state and federal. Why are these so important?
First, and most important, tax returns contain a great deal of the financial information that your attorney will use when preparing your bankruptcy petition. Your attorney will review your returns to get a good foundational grasp of your financial situation—what real estate you own and whether it’s investment property; what bank accounts or investments you may hold; whether you are self-employed and how the business has been doing over time, and so on.
Similarly, your attorney uses your tax returns as a kind of financial checklist when preparing your bankruptcy petition. Most of the information that you’ve already reported on your tax returns is information that your attorney must include in your petition.
Importantly, bankruptcy is information-based. In other areas of law, when you go to court, you may be asked to testify and tell your side of the story. At your bankruptcy hearing, your bankruptcy petition—the specialized financial report that your attorney has presented to the court for approval—tells your story for you. The bankruptcy trustee who examines your petition may ask some questions, but the more accurate and detailed your attorney’s information, the easier it is for the bankruptcy trustee to review and approve your petition.
So don’t flinch when your attorney asks for copies of your tax returns. You can share them confidently, knowing that your attorney is helping you toward bankruptcy’s “fresh financial start.”
The forgoing post was drafted by Marsha Graham and Liz Weishaar who have both been heard on the Consumer Debt Radio Show and work in an of counsel relationship to The Law Office of Goldstein and Clegg, LLC as well as for the Law Office of Weishaar and Graham.
Protecting debtors from failure to hire, promote or termination after filing bankruptcy
The stigma of filing bankruptcy has stopped many debtors who rightfully and propably necessarily need to file bankruptcy. The truth of the matter is that filing bankruptcy is a right granted to all Americans by Congress and as such, is a protected right. As a protected right, it is illegal to discriminate against debtors as employees pursuant to both Massachusetts law, MGL 151B, and Federal Law (Civil Rights Act and Bankruptcy Code). More specifically, 11 U.S.C.A § 525(b) provides, “No private employer may terminate the employment of, or discriminate with respect to employment against, an individual who is or has been a debtor under this title, a debtor or bankrupt under the Bankruptcy Act, or an individual associated with such debtor or bankrupt, solely because such debtor or bankrupt”.
There has been several cases directly on-point with the forgoing. In one case, a Police department rule rendering a city policeman subject to dismissal for the filing of a petition in bankruptcy was unconstitutional under U.S.C.A.Const. Art. 6, cl. 2, since the rule, while intended to insure a reliable and respectable police force, had the effect of prohibiting a policeman burdened with staggering debts from obtaining “a new opportunity in life and a clear field for future effort, unhampered by the pressure and discouragement of pre-existing debt”, an effect in direct contravention of the stated purpose of this title. Rutledge v. City of Shreveport, W.D.La.1975, 387 F.Supp. 1277.
Chapter 13 debtor, a former chief appraiser for a county tax appraisal district, was fired from her job in violation of the Bankruptcy Code’s antidiscrimination provision where it was apparent from the totality of the circumstances that appraisal district’s board of directors determined that debtor would be discharged because they were embarrassed that she had filed bankruptcy and that it had become public knowledge. In re McKibben, Bkrtcy.E.D.Tex.1999, 233 B.R. 378.
Pursuant to Federal and state law, it is also a violation of law to either refuse or fail to promote or hire an employee based upon their status as a bankruptcy filer. In one case, an employer’s failure to offer participation to debtor in commission advancement program after debtor had filed for bankruptcy, when all other account specialists were offered participation, violated antidiscrimination provision of Bankruptcy Code, where determining reason for failing to offer participation to debtor was fact of his bankruptcy. In re Vaughter, bkrtcy.W.D.Tex.1989, 109 B.R. 229.
